大家好，我是Plearner，我最近喜欢上了建筑设计的前期分析工作，以后我将会分享更多关于前期设计的帖子，以下这篇帖子就是我近几天翻译的一个位于西雅图市的中央车站项目，我觉得它的前期分析工作对我启发性很大，蓝色字体部分是我觉得翻译不太确切的部分，你要是有更好的理解，告诉我，我把我的膝盖送给你。
本文由E拓建筑网www.eeeetop.com的Plearner翻译，未经本站与译者书面许可，不得转载！
The Importance of Urban Mapping: A Site Study at First Central Station城市制图的重要性：对第一中央车站的基地分析
Posted on: January 20, 2015 by Build LLC 发布日期：2015年1月20号 由Build有限责任公司
[All Diagrams by BUILD LLC] [所有图表均属BUILD有限责任公司]
For the last couple of months, we’ve been working away on the predesign for a notable project in Seattle. The neighborhood is particularly interesting, the site spans more than a city block (much of which is vacant), and the design team includes three separate architectural firms: B9 Architects, Weinstein A+U, and BUILD LLC. The project programming will be mixed-use in nature and aims to activate the community with park space, housing, restaurants, and retail spaces – all while providing nearly 400 new apartment homes. In a nutshell, it’s exactly the type of situation we love wrapping our minds around. It allows us the opportunity to explore the details of an urban neighborhood, put our diagramming skills to good use, and propose some purposeful design possibilities. It’s also gives us the chance to work with some exceptional architects and community groups.
在过去的几个月里，我们一直在马不停蹄地为西雅图一个引人注目的项目进行前期设计。项目所在的社区非常有趣，基地横跨了不止一个街区（大部分场地是空旷的），设计团队包括三个独立的建筑事务所：B9建筑事务所，Weinstein A+U建筑事务所，和 BUILD LLC设计团队。该项目设计性质为混合用途，旨在通过公园空间，住宅，餐饮和零售来激活社区活力，同时还要提供近400个新式公寓住宅。简而言之，这正是我们梦寐以求的项目类型。这让我们有机会来深入探索城市社区的细节，也让我们绘制分析图的技能有了用武之地，更可以提出目的明确的设计可能性。同时这也让我们有了同杰出的建筑事务所和社区组织合作的机会。
The First Central Station project sits between East Fir and East Spruce Streets and between 12th and 14th Avenues, just south of Seattle University. Considered part of Squire Park, the site sits on the southern border of Capitol Hill and just a stone’s throw from the International District. Because the project will play an important role in the urban fabric of Seattle, an in-depth study of the area is critical. While the information gathering phase of the project is ongoing, the team has produced a set of visual mappings that inform the design process. We think of these mappings as filters – by viewing the neighborhood through a particular filter, certain characteristics and features become pronounced. While there are an infinite number of filters to apply to a city, our focus was on the six described below. Along with each diagram, we’ve listed some of the surprises and paradigm shifts as a result of the study. These factors help clarify the significance of the neighborhood and inform the eventual design of the upcoming First Central Station development.
第一中央车站项目基地南北有冷杉东大街和云杉东大街，东西有14大街和12大街，就在西雅图大学的正南方向。由于基地坐落于国会山的南部边界并且距离国际区仅一箭之遥，它也被考虑为Squire公园的一部分。由于项目在西雅图的城市版图中将扮演重要的角色，所以对区域的深入分析尤为紧要。在项目的信息搜集阶段进行的同时，团队已经做出了一系列可指示设计进程的视觉图像。我们把这些图像称之为过滤器-——通过特定的过滤器来审视社区之后，某些特性和功能将会显现。虽然用于城市的过滤器有无限多个，我们主要还是集中在下述六个。通过各个图表，我们列出了一些惊喜之处和范式转变作为研究的结果。这些因素帮助我们理清了社区的重要意义也将指导即将到来的第一中央车站发展的最终设计。
Before we dive into the diagrams, there are a few parameters worth mentioning with regard to the study. The left side of each diagram typically encompasses a regional mapping or a variation. For instance, it’s important to show a larger, regional view for a diagram like the transit mapping. The diagram on the right is a local mapping which includes a 3 block radius around the site. We noticed after about 3 blocks in any given direction there is an urban boundary where the conditions change dramatically. These diagrams are also a work in progress; as we speak with community groups and gain additional insights into the neighborhood, the depth of information increases.
在我们深入研究图表之前，有以下几点需要指出：每个图的左侧通常包括一个区域的规划或演变。例如，对于交通规划研究来说，有一张大的、地区性的图像是很重要的。右侧的图表是一个以基地为中心，半径区域包括三个街区的当地规划图。我们注意到远离基地有三个街区之遥的任一方向都是都市边界，环境随之发生显著的变化。这些图表也是进展中的工作，随着我们同社区组团交流并获取关于社区的额外见解，信息的深度相应增加。
HISTORY MAPPINGS
The historical public transportation lines in Seattle are fascinating and this particular neighborhood was an intersection of several lines. In a city that is currently struggling to establish light rail lines, it’s always a shock to re-discover that they were already here at one point, then demolished. Also of particular note – the Yesler Cable Car which carried passengers east, along a massive wood trestle to then meet the boats that would ferry them across Lake Washington.
历史信息制图 西雅图历史上的公交线路是很迷人的，我们这一社区是若干条线路的交汇点。对于一个正在竭力建造轻轨线路的城市来说，我们经常会惊讶地发现有些站点已经设立在此，然后被拆除了。还需特别注意——有一路向东的Yesler有轨电车，沿着巨型的木构高架桥将乘客运至渡口，以使他们乘船渡过华盛顿湖。
The neighborhood was also home to a handful of well recognized jazz clubs in the 1920’s through the 1960’s. The Rocking Chair Club, for instance, played in important role in the career of Ray Charles. Washington Hall also hosted decades of important jazz performances and continues to act as the cultural centerpiece of the neighborhood.
在1920年间至1960年间，这个社区也是少数几支公认的爵士乐俱乐部的发源地。例如摇滚椅俱乐部，其在Ray Charles的职业生涯中起到了重要影响。华盛顿大厅也举办了数十年重要的爵士乐演唱会并继续扮演着该社区文化中心的角色。
history mapping
URBAN VILLAGES & FIGURE-GROUND The urban village study (on the left) illustrates that the neighborhood is flanked by urban villages on 3 sides – these are neighborhoods that have their own distinct characters and, in some cases, special zoning codes. This signals to us that the community has the potential to have a great amount of vitality and diversity.
都市村庄及图底关系
通过对都市村庄的分析（图表左侧），可以看出该社区三面被都市村落环绕——这些村落中的社区都有他们各自不同的样貌，在一些情况下还有特殊的机理。这标志着该社区有潜力激发出巨大的活力和多样性。
The figure ground study (on the right) applies a simple filter to the neighborhood clarifying buildings (in black), vacant space (in white), and transitional space either under construction or proposed work (shaded). This diagram suggests that the block at 12th and East Spruce is underutilized and, from an urban planning standpoint, too vacant.
上述图底关系分析图表（右侧），用一个简单的过滤器筛选出了建筑物（黑色），空地（白色）和交通空间，有的正在施工，有的在拟建中(阴影区域)（译者注：斜线覆盖区域即为阴影区域）。从这个图表中还可以看到在12大街和东云杉大街交叉处的街区并未被充分利用，从都市规划的角度来分析，简直太闲置了。
ZONING
Comparing the existing zoning (on the left) with anticipated zoning changes to the neighborhood (on the right) shows how this neighborhood will be changing in the decades to come. With Vulcan Real Estate acquiring a 3-block area at the adjacent Yesler Terrace, it’s safe to assume that the area will soon be home to high-tech industry. An existing juvenile detention center will also be moved and rebuilt to include different uses along East Spruce Street.
区域 将现有的分区（左）与预期分区的变化（右）相比，便可得出这一街区未来几十年的变化。随着Vulcan地产公司在相邻的Yesler露台收购了3块区域，基本可以推断该区域很快就会成为高新技术产业基地。沿着东云杉大街的现有建筑青少年拘留中心，也将被推翻并重建为含多种用途的空间。
TRANSIT
The regional mapping (on the left) illustrates Seattle’s transit network and the proximity of major transportation lines to the First Central Station site. The neighborhood mapping (on the right) shows a more detailed view of these transit lines with an added pedestrian component. The yellow spheres document the distance of a 2-minute and 5-minute walking radius, which shows surprisingly good access to public transportation and adjacent neighborhoods.
交通区域映射（左）交代了西雅图的交通网络，以及主要交通干线同第一中心站的近便。社区映射（右）用覆盖的步行组块对交通线路展示了更为详尽的描述。黄色背景区域记录了2分钟和5分钟的步行半径的区域，这突出表明了该社区到公共交通和临近社区的便捷。
Other surprises include the difficulty of access to I-5 north or south (while the interstate is physically close, getting to the onramps is a circuitous path) and the lack of public transportation along 12th Avenue (a major thoroughfare) which creates a more bicycle-friendly corridor.
其他令人惊讶的还有无论从北面还是南面，社区到州级道路I-5都很困难(虽然州级道路地理上很近，路途却很迂回)，另外还有沿着12大街(主要的通道)的公共交通的缺乏，这创造了一个对自行车更友好的通道。
PLACES OF SIGNIFICANCE
Perhaps our favorite mapping, this diagram aims to document the hidden gems, the less glossy restaurants, and the places that make this neighborhood special. We took an immediate liking to the population of Ethiopian restaurants, the boxing gym, and the diversity of churches. These places maintain an authenticity to the community and foster diversity. The bigger players also register in this diagram and it’s evident that the neighborhood is surrounded by hospitals, clinics, schools, and other good sources of employment for the community.
有意义的场所 这也许是我们最喜欢的图表了，这张图的目的是挖掘那些隐藏的信息，和不太引人注目的餐馆，以及那些让这个社区有不同之处的场所。我们立即喜欢上了埃塞俄比亚餐厅的群体，以及拳击场，还有各式各样的教堂。这些地方都维持了社区的原貌，也促进了社区的多样性。更有名的演奏者也在这张图表上标明，从图表中也可以很明显地看到社区周边还有医院，诊所，学校，和其他为社区提供就业的好地方。
Surprisingly, there isn’t much in the way of a cafe in nearly an 8-block radius (in Seattle nonetheless!). While there are clusters of grocery stores to the north and south, there are a lack of grocery options within walking distance of First Central Station as well as the Seattle University campus. For a neighborhood that used to create exceptional entertainment (see the history mapping), there is little in the way of music or theater now.
令人惊讶的是，在8个街区的半径范围内都没有咖啡店（这在西雅图让人感到无奈）。虽然在北面和南面有很多杂货店，但从步行半径来说，第一中心车站的居民并没有太多选择，西雅图大学也面临同样的情况。对于一个过去常常创作非凡的娱乐活动（参见历史信息制图）的社区来说，这里也很少有音乐或者戏剧的方式供人们消遣。
PEOPLE PATTERNS
The diagram breaks down the methods of transit by demographic and studies who is going where. The study identifies certain paths, like Yesler and Boren, as the major travel routes while the residential neighborhoods to the northeast stay relatively quiet. Of particular note is the lack of movement along 13th Avenue as its length is interrupted between East Fir Street and Remington Court (this will be important below).
人群类型 这张图表通过人口组成和研究人们去向的方式来解析了交通分析。这项研究确定了人们主要的出行路线，比如Yesler和Boren大街，但是东北部的居民社区相对来说比较安静。需要特别注意的是。在东松大街和Remington法院之间，13大街是中断的（这对于下面的内容很重要）
This mapping study allows the design team to have a well-informed conversation with community groups and the building department. It’s also nurturing a healthy design dialogue amongst the architect and developer team. As we start to formulate ideas and design concepts, the conversation is all the more fruitful and the diagrams below begin to carve away at the massing for the site.
这项研究给了设计团队同社区团体和建设主管部门以充足的信息量来供他们对话，也使得建筑师和开发人员团体的对话更加健康合理。在我们开始构思想法和设计概念时，谈话也更加富有成效，下面的图表便开始了对基地体块的切割。
FIRST CENTRAL STATION DIAGRAMMING
The first diagram illustrates the possible built area of the First Central Station site with the setbacks and height limits registered. We often like to think of these diagrams as a block of clay that’s being carved away – it’s not architecture (not even close), but it’s starts to define what’s possible and what’s not.
第一中心车站图表 第一张图表展示了第一中央车站的可能建造区域，退线和高度限制都已注明在上。我们经常会把这些图表想象成被切割的黏土块，它并不是建筑（甚至跟建筑不沾边），但它帮助我们确定了什么是可能的，什么是不可能的。
The second diagram in the image above then carves space away for building access, circulation, corridors for natural light, and realistic corridor dimensions. These parameters begin to add definition to the massing.
上图内的第二个图便为建筑的自然采光和合理的走道尺寸挖出了空间，以作为入口和交通走道。这些参量为体块增加了新的定义。
The third diagram (below) breaks the mass into three separate structures (each of the project architects will thereby design one of three buildings) and begins to further define useful urban exterior spaces. These outdoor functions could be places for public enjoyment, gathering, or even spots to host music events. The massing also re-establishes the connection to 13th Avenue by creating a pedestrian corridor through the site. This corridor could allow the public access to the open court areas as well as retail and restaurant opportunities.
第三个图（下）把建筑体块切割成三个独立的结构体（每一个项目建筑师各设计其中一座），并着手深化设计有益的都市外部空间。这些户外空间可以成为为公众娱乐，聚会的地方，甚至也可以是举办音乐会的场地。通过一条穿越基地的人行通道，体块重塑了同13大街的联系。这条通道允许公众进入到开放的院子，同时也为零售和餐饮业态提供了机会。
The fourth and final diagram of this study begins to activate the site with cultural significance. It’s still not architecture, but it’s providing some importance as to the massing of the site.
这项研究的第四个也是最后一个图表开始用文化层面的意义去激发场地。这仍然不是建筑，但这对于基地的体块来说又增加了一些重要的东西。
Introducing “eyes on the street” (a praised value of Urbanist hero Jane Jacobs) plays an important role with the safety and care of the neighborhood. Additionally, thoughtful programming of the site will foster activation of these exterior spaces at certain times of the day and night. This diagram also brings realistic circulation patterns into the fold with designations for parking access, lobbies, and movement.
“街道眼”（都市主义英雄简·雅各布广受赞誉的论断）的引入在社区的安全性和关护上扮演着了重要的角色。【译者注：“街道眼”这个词，是一个名叫简·雅各布的美国女人的发明，雅各布观察到，传统街坊有一种自我防卫的机制，邻居（包括孩子）之间可以通过相互的经常照面来区分熟人和陌生人从而获得安全感，而潜在的“要做坏事的人”则会感到来自邻居的目光监督。她据此发展了“街道眼”的概念。】另外，对场地无微不至的设计也将会在白天和夜晚的特定时间助长外部空间的活力。通过对车库出入口，大厅和活动类型的指定，这个图表也为团体带来了实际的流线模式。
While the First Central Station design process is intricate and involved, this diagram study provides a comprehensible feel for the project. It also demonstrates the importance of urban mapping with a project of this complexity. Stay tuned for more diagramming, designing, and reporting on the First Central Station project.
由于第一中央车站的设计过程是复杂的，并涉及其他方面的，这个图表给项目研究呈现出了一个易于理解的探索。这也证明了对于这种复杂综合的项目来说，城市制图是很重要的。关于第一中央车站设计，敬请期待后续的图表分析，设计和报道。
Cheers from Team BUILD 来自BUILD团队的喝彩
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